Fundamental force in nature | Definition, Types, Facts, | aurayne

Fundamental force in nature

Fundamental forces in nature - We all have an innate notion of force.  In our experience, force is needed to push, move or throw objects, deform or break them. We also experience the effect of forces on us, such as when a moving object hits us or we are in a blissful phase. 

It is no small thing to move from this intuitive perception to the proper scientific concept of force.

Early thinkers like Aristotle had wrong ideas about it. The correct notion of force was given by Isaac Newton in his famous laws of motion. He also gave a clear form for the force of gravity between two bodies.

In the macroscopic world, apart from the force of gravity, we encounter many types of forces: muscular forces, contact forces between bodies, friction (which is also a contact force parallel to the surfaces in contact). The force exerted by compressed or elongated springs and taut wire and ropes (tension).  

Force of buoyancy and viscous force, force due to fluid pressure, when solids are in contact with fluid. Force applied due to surface tension of a fluid. And so on.  

There are also forces involving charged and magnetic bodies. Again in the astral field, we have electric and magnetic forces.  Atomic forces include protons and neutrons, inter-atomic and inter-molecular forces, etc.

A great insight into twentieth-century physics is that these various powers arising in different contexts actually originate from a very small number of fundamental forces in nature. 

For example, an elastic spring force is produced due to the net attraction / repulsion between neighboring atoms of the spring when the spring is extended / compressed.

This net attraction / repulsion can be detected by the (unbalanced) sum of the electric forces between the charged components of the atoms. 

In principle, this means that the laws of derived forces (such as spring force, friction) are not independent of the laws of fundamental forces in nature. 

However, the origin of these derivative forces is very complex.  In the current stage of our understanding. We know about the four fundamental force in nature. Which are described briefly here.

Gravitational force 

Each body of this universe attracts each other body with a force called gravitational force.

According to Newton, the force of attraction between two objects is proportional to the square of the distance between them.

F∝m1×m2

F∝1/r^2

F∝m1m2/r^2   Or   F=G m1m2/r^2 

G=6.67×10^-11Nm^2 kg^-2   --> Universal gravitation force. 

• This force is a central force.

• This force is independent of the medium between the two bodies.

• It is a long-range force.  This means that the Earth not only has a gravitational effect on the Moon, but also every other giant object in the universe.  This is a very small effect, but it is not zero.  And since gravity affects all masses, this effect is the most influential force on the cosmic scale.

• It is a conservative force, ie the work done by this force on a body is independent of the path followed by the body and depends on the initial and final position of the body.

Electromagnetic force

Two charges always attract or repel each other by a force called a electrostatic force.  When charges move, they produce a magnet effect. The magnetic field produces a force on the moving charge.

The electric and magnetic effects of charges are inseparable. Therefore, the force acting between the moving charges is called electromagnetic force.

• It is attractive as well as repulsive.

• This is long-range strength.

• It is the central force.

• It is a conservative force.

• It is the basis of all chemistry.

• It follows the inverse square rule.

• It is 10 ^ 36 times more powerful than the force of gravity. (So ​​why isn't electromagnetism the most dominant force in the universe? ... because on a large scale the electric charges of most objects cancel each other out. Large objects are neutral. If large objects are not electrically neutral, then  This force will completely dominate the universe.)

Strong nuclear force 

The nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are collectively called nucleons. The force that holds nuclei is called strong nuclear force.  This force is due to the constant exchange of masons between the nuclei.

• It is attractive. 

• It is a very short-range force.  (~ 10 ^ -15 m)

• It is 100 times more powerful than electromagnetic force.

• It is non-central force.

• It does not follow the inverse square rule.

• It also accounts for most of the mass of any object, not the Higgs field.

Weak nuclear force 

The weak nuclear force is manifested only in certain nuclear processes such as the B-decay of a nucleus. In B-decay, the nucleus emits an electron and an unchanged particle called a neutrino. Weak nuclear force is not that weak.

As a gravitational force, but much weaker than strong nuclear and electromagnetic forces. The range of weak nuclear forces is very small.  In the order of 10^-16m.

One of the most important processes in nature is the beta decay of neutrons.  If it did not decay, the universe would be full of neutrons, and no atom would ever have formed. And we will not have life. But its effective length is only one thousandth of the diameter of a proton.

(Fundamental force in nature)

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